TY  - JOUR
AU  - Levent, Gizem
AU  - Anderson, Robin C.
AU  - Petrujkić, Branko
AU  - Poole, Toni L.
AU  - He, Haiqi
AU  - Genovese, Kenneth J.
AU  - Hume, Michael E.
AU  - Beier, Ross C.
AU  - Harvey, Roger B.
AU  - Nisbet, David J.
PY  - 2021
UR  - https://vet-erinar.vet.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2221
AB  - The gut of food-producing animals is a reservoir for foodborne pathogens. Thymol is bactericidal against foodborne pathogens but rapid absorption of thymol from the proximal gut precludes the delivery of effective concentrations to the lower gut where pathogens mainly colonize. Thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside is reported to be more resistant to absorption than thymol in everted jejunal segments and could potentially function as a prebiotic by resisting degradation and absorption in the proximal gut but being hydrolysable by microbial β-glycosidase in the distal gut. Previous in vitro studies showed bactericidal effects of thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside against Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in the presence but not absence of intestinal microbes expressing β-glycosidase activity, indicating that hydrolysis was required to obtain antimicrobial activity. Presently, the oral administration of thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside was studied to examine the effects on intestinal carriage of Campylobacter, E. coli, and S. Typhimurium in swine. The effects of thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside or thymol on antimicrobial sensitivity of representative E. coli isolates and characterized Salmonella strains were also explored. Results from two in vivo studies revealed little antimicrobial effects of thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside on Campylobacter, E. coli, or S. Typhimurium in swine gut. These findings add credence to current thinking that hydrolysis and absorption of thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside and thymol may be sufficiently rapid within the proximal gut to preclude delivery to the distal gut. Antibiotic susceptibilities of selected bacterial isolates and strains were mainly unaffected by thymol. Further research is warranted to overcome obstacles, preventing the delivery of efficacious amounts of thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside to the lower gut.
PB  - MDPI
T2  - Microorganisms
T1  - Evaluation of Thymol-β-d-Glucopyranoside as a Potential Prebiotic Intervention to Reduce Carriage of Zoonotic Pathogens in Weaned and Feeder Pigs
VL  - 9
IS  - 4
SP  - 860
DO  - 10.3390/microorganisms9040860
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Levent, Gizem and Anderson, Robin C. and Petrujkić, Branko and Poole, Toni L. and He, Haiqi and Genovese, Kenneth J. and Hume, Michael E. and Beier, Ross C. and Harvey, Roger B. and Nisbet, David J.",
year = "2021",
abstract = "The gut of food-producing animals is a reservoir for foodborne pathogens. Thymol is bactericidal against foodborne pathogens but rapid absorption of thymol from the proximal gut precludes the delivery of effective concentrations to the lower gut where pathogens mainly colonize. Thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside is reported to be more resistant to absorption than thymol in everted jejunal segments and could potentially function as a prebiotic by resisting degradation and absorption in the proximal gut but being hydrolysable by microbial β-glycosidase in the distal gut. Previous in vitro studies showed bactericidal effects of thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside against Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in the presence but not absence of intestinal microbes expressing β-glycosidase activity, indicating that hydrolysis was required to obtain antimicrobial activity. Presently, the oral administration of thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside was studied to examine the effects on intestinal carriage of Campylobacter, E. coli, and S. Typhimurium in swine. The effects of thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside or thymol on antimicrobial sensitivity of representative E. coli isolates and characterized Salmonella strains were also explored. Results from two in vivo studies revealed little antimicrobial effects of thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside on Campylobacter, E. coli, or S. Typhimurium in swine gut. These findings add credence to current thinking that hydrolysis and absorption of thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside and thymol may be sufficiently rapid within the proximal gut to preclude delivery to the distal gut. Antibiotic susceptibilities of selected bacterial isolates and strains were mainly unaffected by thymol. Further research is warranted to overcome obstacles, preventing the delivery of efficacious amounts of thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside to the lower gut.",
publisher = "MDPI",
journal = "Microorganisms",
title = "Evaluation of Thymol-β-d-Glucopyranoside as a Potential Prebiotic Intervention to Reduce Carriage of Zoonotic Pathogens in Weaned and Feeder Pigs",
volume = "9",
number = "4",
pages = "860",
doi = "10.3390/microorganisms9040860"
}

Levent, G., Anderson, R. C., Petrujkić, B., Poole, T. L., He, H., Genovese, K. J., Hume, M. E., Beier, R. C., Harvey, R. B.,& Nisbet, D. J.. (2021). Evaluation of Thymol-β-d-Glucopyranoside as a Potential Prebiotic Intervention to Reduce Carriage of Zoonotic Pathogens in Weaned and Feeder Pigs. in Microorganisms
MDPI., 9(4), 860.
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040860

Levent G, Anderson RC, Petrujkić B, Poole TL, He H, Genovese KJ, Hume ME, Beier RC, Harvey RB, Nisbet DJ. Evaluation of Thymol-β-d-Glucopyranoside as a Potential Prebiotic Intervention to Reduce Carriage of Zoonotic Pathogens in Weaned and Feeder Pigs. in Microorganisms. 2021;9(4):860.
doi:10.3390/microorganisms9040860 .

Levent, Gizem, Anderson, Robin C., Petrujkić, Branko, Poole, Toni L., He, Haiqi, Genovese, Kenneth J., Hume, Michael E., Beier, Ross C., Harvey, Roger B., Nisbet, David J., "Evaluation of Thymol-β-d-Glucopyranoside as a Potential Prebiotic Intervention to Reduce Carriage of Zoonotic Pathogens in Weaned and Feeder Pigs" in Microorganisms, 9, no. 4 (2021):860,
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040860 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Anderson, Robin C.
AU  - Levent, Gizem
AU  - Petrujkić, Branko
AU  - Harvey, Roger B.
AU  - Hume, Michael E.
AU  - He, Haiqi
AU  - Genovese, Kenneth J.
AU  - Beier, Ross C.
AU  - Poole, Toni L.
AU  - Crippen, Tawni L.
AU  - Nisbet, David J.
PY  - 2021
UR  - https://vet-erinar.vet.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2224
AB  - Strategies are sought to reduce the carriage and dissemination of zoonotic pathogens and antimicrobial-resistant microbes within food-producing animals and their production environment. Thymol (an essential oil) is a potent bactericide in vitro but in vivo efficacy has been inconsistent, largely due to its lipophilicity and absorption, which limits its passage and subsequent availability in the distal gastrointestinal tract. Conjugation of thymol to glucose to form thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside can decrease its absorption, but in vivo passage of effective concentrations to the lower gut remains suboptimal. Considering that contemporary swine diets often contain 5% or more added fat (to increase caloric density and reduce dustiness), we hypothesized that there may be sufficient residual fat in the distal intestinal tract to sequester free or conjugated thymol, thereby limiting the availability and subsequent effectiveness of this biocide. In support of this hypothesis, the anti-Salmonella Typhimurium effects of 6 mM free or conjugated thymol, expressed as log10-fold reductions of colony-forming units (CFU) ml−1, were diminished 90 and 58%, respectively, following 24-h in vitro anaerobic fecal incubation (at 39°C) with 3% added vegetable oil compared to reductions achieved during culture without added oil (6.1 log10 CFU ml−1). The antagonistic effect of vegetable oil and the bactericidal effect of free and conjugated thymol against Escherichia coli K88 tested similarly were diminished 86 and 84%, respectively, compared to reductions achieved in cultures incubated without added vegetable oil (5.7 log10 CFU ml−1). Inclusion of taurine (8 mg/ml), bile acids (0.6 mg/ml), or emulsifiers such as polyoxyethylene-40 stearate (0.2%), Tween 20, or Tween 80 (each at 1%) in the in vitro incubations had little effect on vegetable oil-caused inhibition of free or conjugated thymol. Based on these results, it seems reasonable to suspect that undigested lipid in the distal gut may limit the effectiveness of free or conjugated thymol. Accordingly, additional research is warranted to learn how to overcome obstacles diminishing bactericidal activity of free and conjugated thymol in the lower gastrointestinal tract of food-producing animals.
PB  - Frontiers Media
T2  - Frontiers in Veterinary Science
T1  - Antagonistic Effects of Lipids Against the Anti-Escherichia coli and Anti-Salmonella Activity of Thymol and Thymol-β-d-Glucopyranoside in Porcine Gut and Fecal Cultures In Vitro
VL  - 8
SP  - 1053
DO  - 10.3389/fvets.2021.751266
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Anderson, Robin C. and Levent, Gizem and Petrujkić, Branko and Harvey, Roger B. and Hume, Michael E. and He, Haiqi and Genovese, Kenneth J. and Beier, Ross C. and Poole, Toni L. and Crippen, Tawni L. and Nisbet, David J.",
year = "2021",
abstract = "Strategies are sought to reduce the carriage and dissemination of zoonotic pathogens and antimicrobial-resistant microbes within food-producing animals and their production environment. Thymol (an essential oil) is a potent bactericide in vitro but in vivo efficacy has been inconsistent, largely due to its lipophilicity and absorption, which limits its passage and subsequent availability in the distal gastrointestinal tract. Conjugation of thymol to glucose to form thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside can decrease its absorption, but in vivo passage of effective concentrations to the lower gut remains suboptimal. Considering that contemporary swine diets often contain 5% or more added fat (to increase caloric density and reduce dustiness), we hypothesized that there may be sufficient residual fat in the distal intestinal tract to sequester free or conjugated thymol, thereby limiting the availability and subsequent effectiveness of this biocide. In support of this hypothesis, the anti-Salmonella Typhimurium effects of 6 mM free or conjugated thymol, expressed as log10-fold reductions of colony-forming units (CFU) ml−1, were diminished 90 and 58%, respectively, following 24-h in vitro anaerobic fecal incubation (at 39°C) with 3% added vegetable oil compared to reductions achieved during culture without added oil (6.1 log10 CFU ml−1). The antagonistic effect of vegetable oil and the bactericidal effect of free and conjugated thymol against Escherichia coli K88 tested similarly were diminished 86 and 84%, respectively, compared to reductions achieved in cultures incubated without added vegetable oil (5.7 log10 CFU ml−1). Inclusion of taurine (8 mg/ml), bile acids (0.6 mg/ml), or emulsifiers such as polyoxyethylene-40 stearate (0.2%), Tween 20, or Tween 80 (each at 1%) in the in vitro incubations had little effect on vegetable oil-caused inhibition of free or conjugated thymol. Based on these results, it seems reasonable to suspect that undigested lipid in the distal gut may limit the effectiveness of free or conjugated thymol. Accordingly, additional research is warranted to learn how to overcome obstacles diminishing bactericidal activity of free and conjugated thymol in the lower gastrointestinal tract of food-producing animals.",
publisher = "Frontiers Media",
journal = "Frontiers in Veterinary Science",
title = "Antagonistic Effects of Lipids Against the Anti-Escherichia coli and Anti-Salmonella Activity of Thymol and Thymol-β-d-Glucopyranoside in Porcine Gut and Fecal Cultures In Vitro",
volume = "8",
pages = "1053",
doi = "10.3389/fvets.2021.751266"
}

Anderson, R. C., Levent, G., Petrujkić, B., Harvey, R. B., Hume, M. E., He, H., Genovese, K. J., Beier, R. C., Poole, T. L., Crippen, T. L.,& Nisbet, D. J.. (2021). Antagonistic Effects of Lipids Against the Anti-Escherichia coli and Anti-Salmonella Activity of Thymol and Thymol-β-d-Glucopyranoside in Porcine Gut and Fecal Cultures In Vitro. in Frontiers in Veterinary Science
Frontiers Media., 8, 1053.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.751266

Anderson RC, Levent G, Petrujkić B, Harvey RB, Hume ME, He H, Genovese KJ, Beier RC, Poole TL, Crippen TL, Nisbet DJ. Antagonistic Effects of Lipids Against the Anti-Escherichia coli and Anti-Salmonella Activity of Thymol and Thymol-β-d-Glucopyranoside in Porcine Gut and Fecal Cultures In Vitro. in Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2021;8:1053.
doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.751266 .

Anderson, Robin C., Levent, Gizem, Petrujkić, Branko, Harvey, Roger B., Hume, Michael E., He, Haiqi, Genovese, Kenneth J., Beier, Ross C., Poole, Toni L., Crippen, Tawni L., Nisbet, David J., "Antagonistic Effects of Lipids Against the Anti-Escherichia coli and Anti-Salmonella Activity of Thymol and Thymol-β-d-Glucopyranoside in Porcine Gut and Fecal Cultures In Vitro" in Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8 (2021):1053,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.751266 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Petrujkić, Branko
AU  - Beier, Ross C.
AU  - He, Haiqi
AU  - Genovese, Kenneth J.
AU  - Swaggerty, Christina L.
AU  - Hume, Michael E.
AU  - Crippen, Tawni L.
AU  - Harvey, Roger B.
AU  - Anderson, Robin C.
AU  - Nisbet, David J.
PY  - 2018
UR  - https://vet-erinar.vet.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/1627
AB  - BACKGROUNDNigella sativa L. (NS) is a plant containing bioactive constituents such as thymoquinone. Extracts of NS improve performance and reduce enteropathogen colonization in poultry and small ruminants, but studies with swine are lacking. In two different studies oral administration of NS extracts at doses equivalent to 0, 1.5 and 4.5g kg(-1) diet was assessed on piglet performance and intestinal carriage of wildtype Escherichia coli and Campylobacter, and Salmonella Typhimurium. RESULTSWildtype E. coli populations in the jejunal and rectal content collected 9days after treatment began were decreased (P0.05). Populations recovered from pigs treated with extract at 1.5 and 4.5g kg(-1) diet were 0.72-1.31 log(10) units lower than the controls (ranging from 6.05 to 6.61 log(10) CFU g(-1)). Wildtype Campylobacter and Salmonella Typhimurium were unaffected by NS treatment. Feed efficiency over the 9days improved linearly (P<0.05) from 3.88 with 0 NS-treated pigs to 1.47 and 1.41 with pigs treated with NS at 1.5 and 4.5g kg(-1) diet, respectively, possibly due to high glutamine/glutamic acid content of the NS extract. CONCLUSIONNS supplementation of weanling pigs improved feed efficiency and helped control intestinal E. coli during this vulnerable production phase.
PB  - Wiley, Hoboken
T2  - Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture
T1  - Nigella sativa L. as an alternative antibiotic feed supplement and effect on growth performance in weanling pigs
VL  - 98
IS  - 8
SP  - 3175
EP  - 3181
DO  - 10.1002/jsfa.8823
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Petrujkić, Branko and Beier, Ross C. and He, Haiqi and Genovese, Kenneth J. and Swaggerty, Christina L. and Hume, Michael E. and Crippen, Tawni L. and Harvey, Roger B. and Anderson, Robin C. and Nisbet, David J.",
year = "2018",
abstract = "BACKGROUNDNigella sativa L. (NS) is a plant containing bioactive constituents such as thymoquinone. Extracts of NS improve performance and reduce enteropathogen colonization in poultry and small ruminants, but studies with swine are lacking. In two different studies oral administration of NS extracts at doses equivalent to 0, 1.5 and 4.5g kg(-1) diet was assessed on piglet performance and intestinal carriage of wildtype Escherichia coli and Campylobacter, and Salmonella Typhimurium. RESULTSWildtype E. coli populations in the jejunal and rectal content collected 9days after treatment began were decreased (P0.05). Populations recovered from pigs treated with extract at 1.5 and 4.5g kg(-1) diet were 0.72-1.31 log(10) units lower than the controls (ranging from 6.05 to 6.61 log(10) CFU g(-1)). Wildtype Campylobacter and Salmonella Typhimurium were unaffected by NS treatment. Feed efficiency over the 9days improved linearly (P<0.05) from 3.88 with 0 NS-treated pigs to 1.47 and 1.41 with pigs treated with NS at 1.5 and 4.5g kg(-1) diet, respectively, possibly due to high glutamine/glutamic acid content of the NS extract. CONCLUSIONNS supplementation of weanling pigs improved feed efficiency and helped control intestinal E. coli during this vulnerable production phase.",
publisher = "Wiley, Hoboken",
journal = "Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture",
title = "Nigella sativa L. as an alternative antibiotic feed supplement and effect on growth performance in weanling pigs",
volume = "98",
number = "8",
pages = "3175-3181",
doi = "10.1002/jsfa.8823"
}

Petrujkić, B., Beier, R. C., He, H., Genovese, K. J., Swaggerty, C. L., Hume, M. E., Crippen, T. L., Harvey, R. B., Anderson, R. C.,& Nisbet, D. J.. (2018). Nigella sativa L. as an alternative antibiotic feed supplement and effect on growth performance in weanling pigs. in Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture
Wiley, Hoboken., 98(8), 3175-3181.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8823

Petrujkić B, Beier RC, He H, Genovese KJ, Swaggerty CL, Hume ME, Crippen TL, Harvey RB, Anderson RC, Nisbet DJ. Nigella sativa L. as an alternative antibiotic feed supplement and effect on growth performance in weanling pigs. in Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture. 2018;98(8):3175-3181.
doi:10.1002/jsfa.8823 .

Petrujkić, Branko, Beier, Ross C., He, Haiqi, Genovese, Kenneth J., Swaggerty, Christina L., Hume, Michael E., Crippen, Tawni L., Harvey, Roger B., Anderson, Robin C., Nisbet, David J., "Nigella sativa L. as an alternative antibiotic feed supplement and effect on growth performance in weanling pigs" in Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture, 98, no. 8 (2018):3175-3181,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8823 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Epps, Sharon V. R.
AU  - Harvey, Roger B.
AU  - Byrd, J. Allen
AU  - Petrujkić, Branko
AU  - Sedej, Ivana
AU  - Beier, Ross C.
AU  - Phillips, Timothy D.
AU  - Hume, Michael E.
AU  - Anderson, Robin C.
AU  - Nisbet, David J.
PY  - 2015
UR  - https://vet-erinar.vet.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/1226
AB  - Campylobacter jejuni is an important human food-borne pathogen that can contaminate meat and poultry during processing. Consequently, strategies are sought to reduce the carriage of C. jejuni in food animals before they arrive at the abattoir. Thymol is a natural product that reduces survivability of Campylobacter in vitro, but its rapid absorption from the proximal alimentary tract limits its bactericidal efficacy in vivo. Thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside is more resistant to absorption than free thymol, but its administration to chickens has not been reported. In the present studies, 1mM thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside was shown to exhibit near equal anti-Campylobacter activity as 1mM thymol when incubated anaerobically in avian crop or cecal contents in vitro, resulting in reductions of 1.10-2.32 log(10) colony forming units mL(-1) in C. jejuni concentrations after 24h incubation. In a follow-up live animal study, oral administration of thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside, but not free thymol, significantly lowered (>10-fold) recovery of Campylobacter from the crop of market-aged broilers when compared to placebo-treated controls (n = 6 broilers/treatment). Neither thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside nor thymol affected recovery of Campylobacter from cecal contents of the treated broilers. These results indicate that rapid absorption or passage of free thymol from the crop precluded its anti-Campylobacter activity at this site and throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract. Conversely, lower recovery of Campylobacter from the crop of birds treated with thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside indicates this conjugate was retained and able to be hydrolyzed to biologically active free thymol at this site as intended, yet was not sufficiently protected to allow passage of efficacious amounts of the intact glycoside to the lower gut. Nevertheless, these results warrant further research to see if higher doses or encapsulation of thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside or similar glycosides may yield an efficacious additive to reduce carriage of Campylobacter as well as other pathogens throughout the avian gut.
PB  - Taylor & Francis Inc, Philadelphia
T2  - Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part B Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural
T1  - Comparative effect of thymol or its glucose conjugate, thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside, on Campylobacter in avian gut contents
VL  - 50
IS  - 1
SP  - 55
EP  - 61
DO  - 10.1080/03601234.2015.965634
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Epps, Sharon V. R. and Harvey, Roger B. and Byrd, J. Allen and Petrujkić, Branko and Sedej, Ivana and Beier, Ross C. and Phillips, Timothy D. and Hume, Michael E. and Anderson, Robin C. and Nisbet, David J.",
year = "2015",
abstract = "Campylobacter jejuni is an important human food-borne pathogen that can contaminate meat and poultry during processing. Consequently, strategies are sought to reduce the carriage of C. jejuni in food animals before they arrive at the abattoir. Thymol is a natural product that reduces survivability of Campylobacter in vitro, but its rapid absorption from the proximal alimentary tract limits its bactericidal efficacy in vivo. Thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside is more resistant to absorption than free thymol, but its administration to chickens has not been reported. In the present studies, 1mM thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside was shown to exhibit near equal anti-Campylobacter activity as 1mM thymol when incubated anaerobically in avian crop or cecal contents in vitro, resulting in reductions of 1.10-2.32 log(10) colony forming units mL(-1) in C. jejuni concentrations after 24h incubation. In a follow-up live animal study, oral administration of thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside, but not free thymol, significantly lowered (>10-fold) recovery of Campylobacter from the crop of market-aged broilers when compared to placebo-treated controls (n = 6 broilers/treatment). Neither thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside nor thymol affected recovery of Campylobacter from cecal contents of the treated broilers. These results indicate that rapid absorption or passage of free thymol from the crop precluded its anti-Campylobacter activity at this site and throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract. Conversely, lower recovery of Campylobacter from the crop of birds treated with thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside indicates this conjugate was retained and able to be hydrolyzed to biologically active free thymol at this site as intended, yet was not sufficiently protected to allow passage of efficacious amounts of the intact glycoside to the lower gut. Nevertheless, these results warrant further research to see if higher doses or encapsulation of thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside or similar glycosides may yield an efficacious additive to reduce carriage of Campylobacter as well as other pathogens throughout the avian gut.",
publisher = "Taylor & Francis Inc, Philadelphia",
journal = "Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part B Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural",
title = "Comparative effect of thymol or its glucose conjugate, thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside, on Campylobacter in avian gut contents",
volume = "50",
number = "1",
pages = "55-61",
doi = "10.1080/03601234.2015.965634"
}

Epps, S. V. R., Harvey, R. B., Byrd, J. A., Petrujkić, B., Sedej, I., Beier, R. C., Phillips, T. D., Hume, M. E., Anderson, R. C.,& Nisbet, D. J.. (2015). Comparative effect of thymol or its glucose conjugate, thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside, on Campylobacter in avian gut contents. in Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part B Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural
Taylor & Francis Inc, Philadelphia., 50(1), 55-61.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2015.965634

Epps SVR, Harvey RB, Byrd JA, Petrujkić B, Sedej I, Beier RC, Phillips TD, Hume ME, Anderson RC, Nisbet DJ. Comparative effect of thymol or its glucose conjugate, thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside, on Campylobacter in avian gut contents. in Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part B Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural. 2015;50(1):55-61.
doi:10.1080/03601234.2015.965634 .

Epps, Sharon V. R., Harvey, Roger B., Byrd, J. Allen, Petrujkić, Branko, Sedej, Ivana, Beier, Ross C., Phillips, Timothy D., Hume, Michael E., Anderson, Robin C., Nisbet, David J., "Comparative effect of thymol or its glucose conjugate, thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside, on Campylobacter in avian gut contents" in Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part B Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural, 50, no. 1 (2015):55-61,
https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2015.965634 . .