TY  - JOUR
AU  - Epps, Sharon V. R.
AU  - Harvey, Roger B.
AU  - Byrd, J. Allen
AU  - Petrujkić, Branko
AU  - Sedej, Ivana
AU  - Beier, Ross C.
AU  - Phillips, Timothy D.
AU  - Hume, Michael E.
AU  - Anderson, Robin C.
AU  - Nisbet, David J.
PY  - 2015
UR  - https://vet-erinar.vet.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/1226
AB  - Campylobacter jejuni is an important human food-borne pathogen that can contaminate meat and poultry during processing. Consequently, strategies are sought to reduce the carriage of C. jejuni in food animals before they arrive at the abattoir. Thymol is a natural product that reduces survivability of Campylobacter in vitro, but its rapid absorption from the proximal alimentary tract limits its bactericidal efficacy in vivo. Thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside is more resistant to absorption than free thymol, but its administration to chickens has not been reported. In the present studies, 1mM thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside was shown to exhibit near equal anti-Campylobacter activity as 1mM thymol when incubated anaerobically in avian crop or cecal contents in vitro, resulting in reductions of 1.10-2.32 log(10) colony forming units mL(-1) in C. jejuni concentrations after 24h incubation. In a follow-up live animal study, oral administration of thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside, but not free thymol, significantly lowered (>10-fold) recovery of Campylobacter from the crop of market-aged broilers when compared to placebo-treated controls (n = 6 broilers/treatment). Neither thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside nor thymol affected recovery of Campylobacter from cecal contents of the treated broilers. These results indicate that rapid absorption or passage of free thymol from the crop precluded its anti-Campylobacter activity at this site and throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract. Conversely, lower recovery of Campylobacter from the crop of birds treated with thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside indicates this conjugate was retained and able to be hydrolyzed to biologically active free thymol at this site as intended, yet was not sufficiently protected to allow passage of efficacious amounts of the intact glycoside to the lower gut. Nevertheless, these results warrant further research to see if higher doses or encapsulation of thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside or similar glycosides may yield an efficacious additive to reduce carriage of Campylobacter as well as other pathogens throughout the avian gut.
PB  - Taylor & Francis Inc, Philadelphia
T2  - Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part B Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural
T1  - Comparative effect of thymol or its glucose conjugate, thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside, on Campylobacter in avian gut contents
VL  - 50
IS  - 1
SP  - 55
EP  - 61
DO  - 10.1080/03601234.2015.965634
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Epps, Sharon V. R. and Harvey, Roger B. and Byrd, J. Allen and Petrujkić, Branko and Sedej, Ivana and Beier, Ross C. and Phillips, Timothy D. and Hume, Michael E. and Anderson, Robin C. and Nisbet, David J.",
year = "2015",
abstract = "Campylobacter jejuni is an important human food-borne pathogen that can contaminate meat and poultry during processing. Consequently, strategies are sought to reduce the carriage of C. jejuni in food animals before they arrive at the abattoir. Thymol is a natural product that reduces survivability of Campylobacter in vitro, but its rapid absorption from the proximal alimentary tract limits its bactericidal efficacy in vivo. Thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside is more resistant to absorption than free thymol, but its administration to chickens has not been reported. In the present studies, 1mM thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside was shown to exhibit near equal anti-Campylobacter activity as 1mM thymol when incubated anaerobically in avian crop or cecal contents in vitro, resulting in reductions of 1.10-2.32 log(10) colony forming units mL(-1) in C. jejuni concentrations after 24h incubation. In a follow-up live animal study, oral administration of thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside, but not free thymol, significantly lowered (>10-fold) recovery of Campylobacter from the crop of market-aged broilers when compared to placebo-treated controls (n = 6 broilers/treatment). Neither thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside nor thymol affected recovery of Campylobacter from cecal contents of the treated broilers. These results indicate that rapid absorption or passage of free thymol from the crop precluded its anti-Campylobacter activity at this site and throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract. Conversely, lower recovery of Campylobacter from the crop of birds treated with thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside indicates this conjugate was retained and able to be hydrolyzed to biologically active free thymol at this site as intended, yet was not sufficiently protected to allow passage of efficacious amounts of the intact glycoside to the lower gut. Nevertheless, these results warrant further research to see if higher doses or encapsulation of thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside or similar glycosides may yield an efficacious additive to reduce carriage of Campylobacter as well as other pathogens throughout the avian gut.",
publisher = "Taylor & Francis Inc, Philadelphia",
journal = "Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part B Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural",
title = "Comparative effect of thymol or its glucose conjugate, thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside, on Campylobacter in avian gut contents",
volume = "50",
number = "1",
pages = "55-61",
doi = "10.1080/03601234.2015.965634"
}

Epps, S. V. R., Harvey, R. B., Byrd, J. A., Petrujkić, B., Sedej, I., Beier, R. C., Phillips, T. D., Hume, M. E., Anderson, R. C.,& Nisbet, D. J.. (2015). Comparative effect of thymol or its glucose conjugate, thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside, on Campylobacter in avian gut contents. in Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part B Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural
Taylor & Francis Inc, Philadelphia., 50(1), 55-61.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2015.965634

Epps SVR, Harvey RB, Byrd JA, Petrujkić B, Sedej I, Beier RC, Phillips TD, Hume ME, Anderson RC, Nisbet DJ. Comparative effect of thymol or its glucose conjugate, thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside, on Campylobacter in avian gut contents. in Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part B Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural. 2015;50(1):55-61.
doi:10.1080/03601234.2015.965634 .

Epps, Sharon V. R., Harvey, Roger B., Byrd, J. Allen, Petrujkić, Branko, Sedej, Ivana, Beier, Ross C., Phillips, Timothy D., Hume, Michael E., Anderson, Robin C., Nisbet, David J., "Comparative effect of thymol or its glucose conjugate, thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside, on Campylobacter in avian gut contents" in Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part B Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural, 50, no. 1 (2015):55-61,
https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2015.965634 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Epps, Sharon V. R.
AU  - Petrujkić, Branko
AU  - Sedej, Ivana
AU  - Krueger, Nathan A.
AU  - Harvey, Roger B.
AU  - Beier, Ross C.
AU  - Stanton, Thad B.
AU  - Phillips, Timothy D.
AU  - Anderson, Robin C.
AU  - Nisbet, David J.
PY  - 2015
UR  - https://vet-erinar.vet.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/1218
AB  - Thymol is a natural product that exhibits antimicrobial activity in vitro but in vivo results indicate that absorption within the proximal alimentary tract precludes its delivery to the distal gut. Presently, the anti-Campylobacter activity of thymol was compared against that of thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside, the latter being resistant to absorption. When treated with 1 mM thymol, Campylobacter coli and jejuni were reduced during pure or co-culture with a beta-glycoside-hydrolysing Parabacteroides distasonis. Thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside treatment (1 mM) did not reduce C coli and jejuni during pure culture but did during co-culture with P. distasonis or during mixed culture with porcine or bovine faecal microbes possessing beta-glycoside-hydrolysing activity. Fermentation acid production was reduced by thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside treatment, indicating that fermentation was inhibited, which may limit its application to just before harvest. Results suggest that thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside or similar beta-glycosides may be able to escape absorption within the proximal gut and become activated by bacterial beta-glycosidases in the distal gut. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
PB  - Elsevier Sci Ltd, Oxford
T2  - Food Chemistry
T1  - Comparison of anti-Campylobacter activity of free thymol and thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside in absence or presence of beta-glycoside-hydrolysing gut bacteria
VL  - 173
SP  - 92
EP  - 98
DO  - 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.007
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Epps, Sharon V. R. and Petrujkić, Branko and Sedej, Ivana and Krueger, Nathan A. and Harvey, Roger B. and Beier, Ross C. and Stanton, Thad B. and Phillips, Timothy D. and Anderson, Robin C. and Nisbet, David J.",
year = "2015",
abstract = "Thymol is a natural product that exhibits antimicrobial activity in vitro but in vivo results indicate that absorption within the proximal alimentary tract precludes its delivery to the distal gut. Presently, the anti-Campylobacter activity of thymol was compared against that of thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside, the latter being resistant to absorption. When treated with 1 mM thymol, Campylobacter coli and jejuni were reduced during pure or co-culture with a beta-glycoside-hydrolysing Parabacteroides distasonis. Thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside treatment (1 mM) did not reduce C coli and jejuni during pure culture but did during co-culture with P. distasonis or during mixed culture with porcine or bovine faecal microbes possessing beta-glycoside-hydrolysing activity. Fermentation acid production was reduced by thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside treatment, indicating that fermentation was inhibited, which may limit its application to just before harvest. Results suggest that thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside or similar beta-glycosides may be able to escape absorption within the proximal gut and become activated by bacterial beta-glycosidases in the distal gut. Published by Elsevier Ltd.",
publisher = "Elsevier Sci Ltd, Oxford",
journal = "Food Chemistry",
title = "Comparison of anti-Campylobacter activity of free thymol and thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside in absence or presence of beta-glycoside-hydrolysing gut bacteria",
volume = "173",
pages = "92-98",
doi = "10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.007"
}

Epps, S. V. R., Petrujkić, B., Sedej, I., Krueger, N. A., Harvey, R. B., Beier, R. C., Stanton, T. B., Phillips, T. D., Anderson, R. C.,& Nisbet, D. J.. (2015). Comparison of anti-Campylobacter activity of free thymol and thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside in absence or presence of beta-glycoside-hydrolysing gut bacteria. in Food Chemistry
Elsevier Sci Ltd, Oxford., 173, 92-98.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.007

Epps SVR, Petrujkić B, Sedej I, Krueger NA, Harvey RB, Beier RC, Stanton TB, Phillips TD, Anderson RC, Nisbet DJ. Comparison of anti-Campylobacter activity of free thymol and thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside in absence or presence of beta-glycoside-hydrolysing gut bacteria. in Food Chemistry. 2015;173:92-98.
doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.007 .

Epps, Sharon V. R., Petrujkić, Branko, Sedej, Ivana, Krueger, Nathan A., Harvey, Roger B., Beier, Ross C., Stanton, Thad B., Phillips, Timothy D., Anderson, Robin C., Nisbet, David J., "Comparison of anti-Campylobacter activity of free thymol and thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside in absence or presence of beta-glycoside-hydrolysing gut bacteria" in Food Chemistry, 173 (2015):92-98,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.007 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Petrujkić, Branko
AU  - Sedej, Ivana
AU  - Beier, Ross C.
AU  - Anderson, Robin C.
AU  - Harvey, Roger B.
AU  - Epps, Sharon V. R.
AU  - Stipanović, Robert D.
AU  - Krueger, Nathan A.
AU  - Nisbet, David J.
PY  - 2013
UR  - https://vet-erinar.vet.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/1016
AB  - Food-producing animals are reservoirs of Campylobacter, a leading bacterial cause of human foodborne illness. The natural product thymol can reduce the survivability of Campylobacter, but its rapid absorption in the proximal gastrointestinal tract may preclude its use as a feed additive to reduce intestinal colonization of these pathogens. This work examined the ex vivo absorption of thymol and thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside in everted porcine jejunal segments, as the latter was hypothesized to be more resistant to absorption. A modified gas chromatography and extraction method was developed to determine 1.0-500 mg/L thymol. From 1 and 3 mM solutions, 0.293 +/- 0.04 and 0.898 +/- 0.212 mM thymol, respectively, p = 0.0347, were absorbed, and 0.125 +/- 0.041 and 0.317 +/- 0.143 mM thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside, respectively, p = 0.0892, were absorbed. Results indicate that thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside was absorbed 2.3 to 2.8 times less effectively than thymol, thus providing evidence that thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside may potentially be used as a feed additive to transport thymol to the piglet lower gut.
PB  - Amer Chemical Soc, Washington
T2  - Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
T1  - Ex Vivo Absorption of Thymol and Thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside in Piglet Everted Jejunal Segments
VL  - 61
IS  - 15
SP  - 3757
EP  - 3762
DO  - 10.1021/jf401013a
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Petrujkić, Branko and Sedej, Ivana and Beier, Ross C. and Anderson, Robin C. and Harvey, Roger B. and Epps, Sharon V. R. and Stipanović, Robert D. and Krueger, Nathan A. and Nisbet, David J.",
year = "2013",
abstract = "Food-producing animals are reservoirs of Campylobacter, a leading bacterial cause of human foodborne illness. The natural product thymol can reduce the survivability of Campylobacter, but its rapid absorption in the proximal gastrointestinal tract may preclude its use as a feed additive to reduce intestinal colonization of these pathogens. This work examined the ex vivo absorption of thymol and thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside in everted porcine jejunal segments, as the latter was hypothesized to be more resistant to absorption. A modified gas chromatography and extraction method was developed to determine 1.0-500 mg/L thymol. From 1 and 3 mM solutions, 0.293 +/- 0.04 and 0.898 +/- 0.212 mM thymol, respectively, p = 0.0347, were absorbed, and 0.125 +/- 0.041 and 0.317 +/- 0.143 mM thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside, respectively, p = 0.0892, were absorbed. Results indicate that thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside was absorbed 2.3 to 2.8 times less effectively than thymol, thus providing evidence that thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside may potentially be used as a feed additive to transport thymol to the piglet lower gut.",
publisher = "Amer Chemical Soc, Washington",
journal = "Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry",
title = "Ex Vivo Absorption of Thymol and Thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside in Piglet Everted Jejunal Segments",
volume = "61",
number = "15",
pages = "3757-3762",
doi = "10.1021/jf401013a"
}

Petrujkić, B., Sedej, I., Beier, R. C., Anderson, R. C., Harvey, R. B., Epps, S. V. R., Stipanović, R. D., Krueger, N. A.,& Nisbet, D. J.. (2013). Ex Vivo Absorption of Thymol and Thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside in Piglet Everted Jejunal Segments. in Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
Amer Chemical Soc, Washington., 61(15), 3757-3762.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf401013a

Petrujkić B, Sedej I, Beier RC, Anderson RC, Harvey RB, Epps SVR, Stipanović RD, Krueger NA, Nisbet DJ. Ex Vivo Absorption of Thymol and Thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside in Piglet Everted Jejunal Segments. in Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2013;61(15):3757-3762.
doi:10.1021/jf401013a .

Petrujkić, Branko, Sedej, Ivana, Beier, Ross C., Anderson, Robin C., Harvey, Roger B., Epps, Sharon V. R., Stipanović, Robert D., Krueger, Nathan A., Nisbet, David J., "Ex Vivo Absorption of Thymol and Thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside in Piglet Everted Jejunal Segments" in Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61, no. 15 (2013):3757-3762,
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf401013a . .