TY  - JOUR
AU  - Petrujkić, Branko
AU  - Cojkić, Aleksandar
AU  - Petrujkić, Katarina
AU  - Jeremić, Ivan
AU  - Masulović, Dragan
AU  - Dimitrijević, Vladimir
AU  - Savić, Mila
AU  - Pesić, Miodrag
AU  - Beier, Ross C.
PY  - 2016
UR  - https://vet-erinar.vet.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/1417
AB  - It is useful to determine the gestational age in sheep to provide essential information for effective flock management practices. The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficacy and practical aspects for using two ultrasound techniques, transabdominal and transrectal, in determining the gestational age in Wurttemberg ewes. Monitoring of embryo and fetus developmental stages during the ewes gestation was carried out with real time ultrasound using a transabdominal convex probe, frequency 3.5 MHz, and a transrectal linear probe, frequency 7.5 MHz. The size of the embryonic vesicle during the period from the 23rd to the 38th day of gestation can be used as a confirmational indicator of gestational age when the transrectal probe is used. The occipital nasal diameter correlated with the gestational age with both transabdominal (P < 0.05) and transrectal probes (P < 0.01) from the 46th to the 63rd day of gestation. The biparietal diameter of the fetal head measured by transabdominal probe during the period from the 46th to the 63rd day of gestation correlates with gestation age (P < 0.05). The diameter of the fetal eye orbit monitored by transrectal probe from the 46th to the 63rd day of gestation also correlated well with gestational age (P < 0.05).
PB  - Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken
T2  - Animal Science Journal
T1  - Transabdominal and transrectal ultrasonography of fetuses in Wurttemberg ewes: Correlation with gestational age
VL  - 87
IS  - 2
SP  - 197
EP  - 201
DO  - 10.1111/asj.12421
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Petrujkić, Branko and Cojkić, Aleksandar and Petrujkić, Katarina and Jeremić, Ivan and Masulović, Dragan and Dimitrijević, Vladimir and Savić, Mila and Pesić, Miodrag and Beier, Ross C.",
year = "2016",
abstract = "It is useful to determine the gestational age in sheep to provide essential information for effective flock management practices. The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficacy and practical aspects for using two ultrasound techniques, transabdominal and transrectal, in determining the gestational age in Wurttemberg ewes. Monitoring of embryo and fetus developmental stages during the ewes gestation was carried out with real time ultrasound using a transabdominal convex probe, frequency 3.5 MHz, and a transrectal linear probe, frequency 7.5 MHz. The size of the embryonic vesicle during the period from the 23rd to the 38th day of gestation can be used as a confirmational indicator of gestational age when the transrectal probe is used. The occipital nasal diameter correlated with the gestational age with both transabdominal (P < 0.05) and transrectal probes (P < 0.01) from the 46th to the 63rd day of gestation. The biparietal diameter of the fetal head measured by transabdominal probe during the period from the 46th to the 63rd day of gestation correlates with gestation age (P < 0.05). The diameter of the fetal eye orbit monitored by transrectal probe from the 46th to the 63rd day of gestation also correlated well with gestational age (P < 0.05).",
publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken",
journal = "Animal Science Journal",
title = "Transabdominal and transrectal ultrasonography of fetuses in Wurttemberg ewes: Correlation with gestational age",
volume = "87",
number = "2",
pages = "197-201",
doi = "10.1111/asj.12421"
}

Petrujkić, B., Cojkić, A., Petrujkić, K., Jeremić, I., Masulović, D., Dimitrijević, V., Savić, M., Pesić, M.,& Beier, R. C.. (2016). Transabdominal and transrectal ultrasonography of fetuses in Wurttemberg ewes: Correlation with gestational age. in Animal Science Journal
Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken., 87(2), 197-201.
https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.12421

Petrujkić B, Cojkić A, Petrujkić K, Jeremić I, Masulović D, Dimitrijević V, Savić M, Pesić M, Beier RC. Transabdominal and transrectal ultrasonography of fetuses in Wurttemberg ewes: Correlation with gestational age. in Animal Science Journal. 2016;87(2):197-201.
doi:10.1111/asj.12421 .

Petrujkić, Branko, Cojkić, Aleksandar, Petrujkić, Katarina, Jeremić, Ivan, Masulović, Dragan, Dimitrijević, Vladimir, Savić, Mila, Pesić, Miodrag, Beier, Ross C., "Transabdominal and transrectal ultrasonography of fetuses in Wurttemberg ewes: Correlation with gestational age" in Animal Science Journal, 87, no. 2 (2016):197-201,
https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.12421 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Epps, Sharon V. R.
AU  - Harvey, Roger B.
AU  - Byrd, J. Allen
AU  - Petrujkić, Branko
AU  - Sedej, Ivana
AU  - Beier, Ross C.
AU  - Phillips, Timothy D.
AU  - Hume, Michael E.
AU  - Anderson, Robin C.
AU  - Nisbet, David J.
PY  - 2015
UR  - https://vet-erinar.vet.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/1226
AB  - Campylobacter jejuni is an important human food-borne pathogen that can contaminate meat and poultry during processing. Consequently, strategies are sought to reduce the carriage of C. jejuni in food animals before they arrive at the abattoir. Thymol is a natural product that reduces survivability of Campylobacter in vitro, but its rapid absorption from the proximal alimentary tract limits its bactericidal efficacy in vivo. Thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside is more resistant to absorption than free thymol, but its administration to chickens has not been reported. In the present studies, 1mM thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside was shown to exhibit near equal anti-Campylobacter activity as 1mM thymol when incubated anaerobically in avian crop or cecal contents in vitro, resulting in reductions of 1.10-2.32 log(10) colony forming units mL(-1) in C. jejuni concentrations after 24h incubation. In a follow-up live animal study, oral administration of thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside, but not free thymol, significantly lowered (>10-fold) recovery of Campylobacter from the crop of market-aged broilers when compared to placebo-treated controls (n = 6 broilers/treatment). Neither thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside nor thymol affected recovery of Campylobacter from cecal contents of the treated broilers. These results indicate that rapid absorption or passage of free thymol from the crop precluded its anti-Campylobacter activity at this site and throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract. Conversely, lower recovery of Campylobacter from the crop of birds treated with thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside indicates this conjugate was retained and able to be hydrolyzed to biologically active free thymol at this site as intended, yet was not sufficiently protected to allow passage of efficacious amounts of the intact glycoside to the lower gut. Nevertheless, these results warrant further research to see if higher doses or encapsulation of thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside or similar glycosides may yield an efficacious additive to reduce carriage of Campylobacter as well as other pathogens throughout the avian gut.
PB  - Taylor & Francis Inc, Philadelphia
T2  - Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part B Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural
T1  - Comparative effect of thymol or its glucose conjugate, thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside, on Campylobacter in avian gut contents
VL  - 50
IS  - 1
SP  - 55
EP  - 61
DO  - 10.1080/03601234.2015.965634
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Epps, Sharon V. R. and Harvey, Roger B. and Byrd, J. Allen and Petrujkić, Branko and Sedej, Ivana and Beier, Ross C. and Phillips, Timothy D. and Hume, Michael E. and Anderson, Robin C. and Nisbet, David J.",
year = "2015",
abstract = "Campylobacter jejuni is an important human food-borne pathogen that can contaminate meat and poultry during processing. Consequently, strategies are sought to reduce the carriage of C. jejuni in food animals before they arrive at the abattoir. Thymol is a natural product that reduces survivability of Campylobacter in vitro, but its rapid absorption from the proximal alimentary tract limits its bactericidal efficacy in vivo. Thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside is more resistant to absorption than free thymol, but its administration to chickens has not been reported. In the present studies, 1mM thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside was shown to exhibit near equal anti-Campylobacter activity as 1mM thymol when incubated anaerobically in avian crop or cecal contents in vitro, resulting in reductions of 1.10-2.32 log(10) colony forming units mL(-1) in C. jejuni concentrations after 24h incubation. In a follow-up live animal study, oral administration of thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside, but not free thymol, significantly lowered (>10-fold) recovery of Campylobacter from the crop of market-aged broilers when compared to placebo-treated controls (n = 6 broilers/treatment). Neither thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside nor thymol affected recovery of Campylobacter from cecal contents of the treated broilers. These results indicate that rapid absorption or passage of free thymol from the crop precluded its anti-Campylobacter activity at this site and throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract. Conversely, lower recovery of Campylobacter from the crop of birds treated with thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside indicates this conjugate was retained and able to be hydrolyzed to biologically active free thymol at this site as intended, yet was not sufficiently protected to allow passage of efficacious amounts of the intact glycoside to the lower gut. Nevertheless, these results warrant further research to see if higher doses or encapsulation of thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside or similar glycosides may yield an efficacious additive to reduce carriage of Campylobacter as well as other pathogens throughout the avian gut.",
publisher = "Taylor & Francis Inc, Philadelphia",
journal = "Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part B Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural",
title = "Comparative effect of thymol or its glucose conjugate, thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside, on Campylobacter in avian gut contents",
volume = "50",
number = "1",
pages = "55-61",
doi = "10.1080/03601234.2015.965634"
}

Epps, S. V. R., Harvey, R. B., Byrd, J. A., Petrujkić, B., Sedej, I., Beier, R. C., Phillips, T. D., Hume, M. E., Anderson, R. C.,& Nisbet, D. J.. (2015). Comparative effect of thymol or its glucose conjugate, thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside, on Campylobacter in avian gut contents. in Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part B Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural
Taylor & Francis Inc, Philadelphia., 50(1), 55-61.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2015.965634

Epps SVR, Harvey RB, Byrd JA, Petrujkić B, Sedej I, Beier RC, Phillips TD, Hume ME, Anderson RC, Nisbet DJ. Comparative effect of thymol or its glucose conjugate, thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside, on Campylobacter in avian gut contents. in Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part B Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural. 2015;50(1):55-61.
doi:10.1080/03601234.2015.965634 .

Epps, Sharon V. R., Harvey, Roger B., Byrd, J. Allen, Petrujkić, Branko, Sedej, Ivana, Beier, Ross C., Phillips, Timothy D., Hume, Michael E., Anderson, Robin C., Nisbet, David J., "Comparative effect of thymol or its glucose conjugate, thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside, on Campylobacter in avian gut contents" in Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part B Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural, 50, no. 1 (2015):55-61,
https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2015.965634 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Epps, Sharon V. R.
AU  - Petrujkić, Branko
AU  - Sedej, Ivana
AU  - Krueger, Nathan A.
AU  - Harvey, Roger B.
AU  - Beier, Ross C.
AU  - Stanton, Thad B.
AU  - Phillips, Timothy D.
AU  - Anderson, Robin C.
AU  - Nisbet, David J.
PY  - 2015
UR  - https://vet-erinar.vet.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/1218
AB  - Thymol is a natural product that exhibits antimicrobial activity in vitro but in vivo results indicate that absorption within the proximal alimentary tract precludes its delivery to the distal gut. Presently, the anti-Campylobacter activity of thymol was compared against that of thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside, the latter being resistant to absorption. When treated with 1 mM thymol, Campylobacter coli and jejuni were reduced during pure or co-culture with a beta-glycoside-hydrolysing Parabacteroides distasonis. Thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside treatment (1 mM) did not reduce C coli and jejuni during pure culture but did during co-culture with P. distasonis or during mixed culture with porcine or bovine faecal microbes possessing beta-glycoside-hydrolysing activity. Fermentation acid production was reduced by thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside treatment, indicating that fermentation was inhibited, which may limit its application to just before harvest. Results suggest that thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside or similar beta-glycosides may be able to escape absorption within the proximal gut and become activated by bacterial beta-glycosidases in the distal gut. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
PB  - Elsevier Sci Ltd, Oxford
T2  - Food Chemistry
T1  - Comparison of anti-Campylobacter activity of free thymol and thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside in absence or presence of beta-glycoside-hydrolysing gut bacteria
VL  - 173
SP  - 92
EP  - 98
DO  - 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.007
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Epps, Sharon V. R. and Petrujkić, Branko and Sedej, Ivana and Krueger, Nathan A. and Harvey, Roger B. and Beier, Ross C. and Stanton, Thad B. and Phillips, Timothy D. and Anderson, Robin C. and Nisbet, David J.",
year = "2015",
abstract = "Thymol is a natural product that exhibits antimicrobial activity in vitro but in vivo results indicate that absorption within the proximal alimentary tract precludes its delivery to the distal gut. Presently, the anti-Campylobacter activity of thymol was compared against that of thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside, the latter being resistant to absorption. When treated with 1 mM thymol, Campylobacter coli and jejuni were reduced during pure or co-culture with a beta-glycoside-hydrolysing Parabacteroides distasonis. Thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside treatment (1 mM) did not reduce C coli and jejuni during pure culture but did during co-culture with P. distasonis or during mixed culture with porcine or bovine faecal microbes possessing beta-glycoside-hydrolysing activity. Fermentation acid production was reduced by thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside treatment, indicating that fermentation was inhibited, which may limit its application to just before harvest. Results suggest that thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside or similar beta-glycosides may be able to escape absorption within the proximal gut and become activated by bacterial beta-glycosidases in the distal gut. Published by Elsevier Ltd.",
publisher = "Elsevier Sci Ltd, Oxford",
journal = "Food Chemistry",
title = "Comparison of anti-Campylobacter activity of free thymol and thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside in absence or presence of beta-glycoside-hydrolysing gut bacteria",
volume = "173",
pages = "92-98",
doi = "10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.007"
}

Epps, S. V. R., Petrujkić, B., Sedej, I., Krueger, N. A., Harvey, R. B., Beier, R. C., Stanton, T. B., Phillips, T. D., Anderson, R. C.,& Nisbet, D. J.. (2015). Comparison of anti-Campylobacter activity of free thymol and thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside in absence or presence of beta-glycoside-hydrolysing gut bacteria. in Food Chemistry
Elsevier Sci Ltd, Oxford., 173, 92-98.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.007

Epps SVR, Petrujkić B, Sedej I, Krueger NA, Harvey RB, Beier RC, Stanton TB, Phillips TD, Anderson RC, Nisbet DJ. Comparison of anti-Campylobacter activity of free thymol and thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside in absence or presence of beta-glycoside-hydrolysing gut bacteria. in Food Chemistry. 2015;173:92-98.
doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.007 .

Epps, Sharon V. R., Petrujkić, Branko, Sedej, Ivana, Krueger, Nathan A., Harvey, Roger B., Beier, Ross C., Stanton, Thad B., Phillips, Timothy D., Anderson, Robin C., Nisbet, David J., "Comparison of anti-Campylobacter activity of free thymol and thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside in absence or presence of beta-glycoside-hydrolysing gut bacteria" in Food Chemistry, 173 (2015):92-98,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.007 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Petrujkić, Branko
AU  - Šefer, Dragan
AU  - Jovanović, Ivan B.
AU  - Jovičin, Milovan
AU  - Janković, S.
AU  - Jakovljević, Goran
AU  - Beier, Ross C.
AU  - Anderson, Robin C.
PY  - 2014
UR  - https://vet-erinar.vet.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/1089
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine how dietary supplementation of inorganic and organic selenium affects the selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity in blood and sperm of sexually mature stud boars. Twenty-four boars of the Large White, Landrace, Pietrain and Duroc breeds of optimal breeding age (on average 2.5 years old) were used. The study lasted 90 days. The boars were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatment groups: T1 = control; no added selenium (n = 8 boars), T2 = added 0.3 ppm inorganic selenium (sodium selenite, Microgran (R) Se 1% BMP) (n = 8 boars), and T3 = added 0.3 ppm organic selenium (Se-yeast, Sel-Plex 2000 (R)) (n = 8 boars). The concentration of selenium was determined in whole blood and semen, while the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was measured in blood plasma and semen. In order to measure GPx activity in semen, reactivation of the enzymatic GPx activity was performed. The determined selenium concentration in blood was lowest in the non-supplemented group of boars. Blood plasma GPx activity was higher in boars fed organic selenium than in boars fed a diet without supplemented selenium. While the supplementation of sodium selenite significantly increased GPx activity in boar semen. The highest-concentration of selenium in semen at the end of the trial was determined in the group of boars supplemented with organic selenium, somewhat lower in boars fed supplemented inorganic selenium, and the lowest in the non-supplemented group of boars. The only significant difference between the selenite and Se-yeast diet supplementation was observed in the Se concentration of the semen. The supplementation of selenium affected semen quality, and organic selenium improved the progressive motility of the spermatozoa and increased their resistance in hypo-osmotic and thermal tests. The storage ability of short term preserved semen was improved by organic selenium supplementation, as well as also increasing the fertility rate in gilts.
PB  - Elsevier Science Bv, Amsterdam
T2  - Animal Feed Science and Technology
T1  - Effects of commercial selenium products on glutathione peroxidase activity and semen quality in stud boars
VL  - 197
SP  - 194
EP  - 205
DO  - 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.09.001
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Petrujkić, Branko and Šefer, Dragan and Jovanović, Ivan B. and Jovičin, Milovan and Janković, S. and Jakovljević, Goran and Beier, Ross C. and Anderson, Robin C.",
year = "2014",
abstract = "The aim of this study was to determine how dietary supplementation of inorganic and organic selenium affects the selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity in blood and sperm of sexually mature stud boars. Twenty-four boars of the Large White, Landrace, Pietrain and Duroc breeds of optimal breeding age (on average 2.5 years old) were used. The study lasted 90 days. The boars were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatment groups: T1 = control; no added selenium (n = 8 boars), T2 = added 0.3 ppm inorganic selenium (sodium selenite, Microgran (R) Se 1% BMP) (n = 8 boars), and T3 = added 0.3 ppm organic selenium (Se-yeast, Sel-Plex 2000 (R)) (n = 8 boars). The concentration of selenium was determined in whole blood and semen, while the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was measured in blood plasma and semen. In order to measure GPx activity in semen, reactivation of the enzymatic GPx activity was performed. The determined selenium concentration in blood was lowest in the non-supplemented group of boars. Blood plasma GPx activity was higher in boars fed organic selenium than in boars fed a diet without supplemented selenium. While the supplementation of sodium selenite significantly increased GPx activity in boar semen. The highest-concentration of selenium in semen at the end of the trial was determined in the group of boars supplemented with organic selenium, somewhat lower in boars fed supplemented inorganic selenium, and the lowest in the non-supplemented group of boars. The only significant difference between the selenite and Se-yeast diet supplementation was observed in the Se concentration of the semen. The supplementation of selenium affected semen quality, and organic selenium improved the progressive motility of the spermatozoa and increased their resistance in hypo-osmotic and thermal tests. The storage ability of short term preserved semen was improved by organic selenium supplementation, as well as also increasing the fertility rate in gilts.",
publisher = "Elsevier Science Bv, Amsterdam",
journal = "Animal Feed Science and Technology",
title = "Effects of commercial selenium products on glutathione peroxidase activity and semen quality in stud boars",
volume = "197",
pages = "194-205",
doi = "10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.09.001"
}

Petrujkić, B., Šefer, D., Jovanović, I. B., Jovičin, M., Janković, S., Jakovljević, G., Beier, R. C.,& Anderson, R. C.. (2014). Effects of commercial selenium products on glutathione peroxidase activity and semen quality in stud boars. in Animal Feed Science and Technology
Elsevier Science Bv, Amsterdam., 197, 194-205.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.09.001

Petrujkić B, Šefer D, Jovanović IB, Jovičin M, Janković S, Jakovljević G, Beier RC, Anderson RC. Effects of commercial selenium products on glutathione peroxidase activity and semen quality in stud boars. in Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2014;197:194-205.
doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.09.001 .

Petrujkić, Branko, Šefer, Dragan, Jovanović, Ivan B., Jovičin, Milovan, Janković, S., Jakovljević, Goran, Beier, Ross C., Anderson, Robin C., "Effects of commercial selenium products on glutathione peroxidase activity and semen quality in stud boars" in Animal Feed Science and Technology, 197 (2014):194-205,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.09.001 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Petrujkić, Branko
AU  - Sedej, Ivana
AU  - Beier, Ross C.
AU  - Anderson, Robin C.
AU  - Harvey, Roger B.
AU  - Epps, Sharon V. R.
AU  - Stipanović, Robert D.
AU  - Krueger, Nathan A.
AU  - Nisbet, David J.
PY  - 2013
UR  - https://vet-erinar.vet.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/1016
AB  - Food-producing animals are reservoirs of Campylobacter, a leading bacterial cause of human foodborne illness. The natural product thymol can reduce the survivability of Campylobacter, but its rapid absorption in the proximal gastrointestinal tract may preclude its use as a feed additive to reduce intestinal colonization of these pathogens. This work examined the ex vivo absorption of thymol and thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside in everted porcine jejunal segments, as the latter was hypothesized to be more resistant to absorption. A modified gas chromatography and extraction method was developed to determine 1.0-500 mg/L thymol. From 1 and 3 mM solutions, 0.293 +/- 0.04 and 0.898 +/- 0.212 mM thymol, respectively, p = 0.0347, were absorbed, and 0.125 +/- 0.041 and 0.317 +/- 0.143 mM thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside, respectively, p = 0.0892, were absorbed. Results indicate that thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside was absorbed 2.3 to 2.8 times less effectively than thymol, thus providing evidence that thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside may potentially be used as a feed additive to transport thymol to the piglet lower gut.
PB  - Amer Chemical Soc, Washington
T2  - Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
T1  - Ex Vivo Absorption of Thymol and Thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside in Piglet Everted Jejunal Segments
VL  - 61
IS  - 15
SP  - 3757
EP  - 3762
DO  - 10.1021/jf401013a
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Petrujkić, Branko and Sedej, Ivana and Beier, Ross C. and Anderson, Robin C. and Harvey, Roger B. and Epps, Sharon V. R. and Stipanović, Robert D. and Krueger, Nathan A. and Nisbet, David J.",
year = "2013",
abstract = "Food-producing animals are reservoirs of Campylobacter, a leading bacterial cause of human foodborne illness. The natural product thymol can reduce the survivability of Campylobacter, but its rapid absorption in the proximal gastrointestinal tract may preclude its use as a feed additive to reduce intestinal colonization of these pathogens. This work examined the ex vivo absorption of thymol and thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside in everted porcine jejunal segments, as the latter was hypothesized to be more resistant to absorption. A modified gas chromatography and extraction method was developed to determine 1.0-500 mg/L thymol. From 1 and 3 mM solutions, 0.293 +/- 0.04 and 0.898 +/- 0.212 mM thymol, respectively, p = 0.0347, were absorbed, and 0.125 +/- 0.041 and 0.317 +/- 0.143 mM thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside, respectively, p = 0.0892, were absorbed. Results indicate that thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside was absorbed 2.3 to 2.8 times less effectively than thymol, thus providing evidence that thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside may potentially be used as a feed additive to transport thymol to the piglet lower gut.",
publisher = "Amer Chemical Soc, Washington",
journal = "Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry",
title = "Ex Vivo Absorption of Thymol and Thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside in Piglet Everted Jejunal Segments",
volume = "61",
number = "15",
pages = "3757-3762",
doi = "10.1021/jf401013a"
}

Petrujkić, B., Sedej, I., Beier, R. C., Anderson, R. C., Harvey, R. B., Epps, S. V. R., Stipanović, R. D., Krueger, N. A.,& Nisbet, D. J.. (2013). Ex Vivo Absorption of Thymol and Thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside in Piglet Everted Jejunal Segments. in Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
Amer Chemical Soc, Washington., 61(15), 3757-3762.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf401013a

Petrujkić B, Sedej I, Beier RC, Anderson RC, Harvey RB, Epps SVR, Stipanović RD, Krueger NA, Nisbet DJ. Ex Vivo Absorption of Thymol and Thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside in Piglet Everted Jejunal Segments. in Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2013;61(15):3757-3762.
doi:10.1021/jf401013a .

Petrujkić, Branko, Sedej, Ivana, Beier, Ross C., Anderson, Robin C., Harvey, Roger B., Epps, Sharon V. R., Stipanović, Robert D., Krueger, Nathan A., Nisbet, David J., "Ex Vivo Absorption of Thymol and Thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside in Piglet Everted Jejunal Segments" in Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61, no. 15 (2013):3757-3762,
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf401013a . .

TY  - CONF
AU  - Beier, Ross C.
AU  - Petrujkić, Branko
AU  - Sedej, Ivana
AU  - Anderson, Robin C.
AU  - Nedeljković-Trailović, Jelena
AU  - Nisbet, David J.
PY  - 2012
UR  - https://vet-erinar.vet.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/896
AB  - Aromatic plants and their extracts have been used in human and veterinary medicine since ancient times. However, the exact mode of action and kinetics or these compounds are generally poorly understood. The aim of this work was to determine the degradation and absorption kinetics of thymol in the pig stomach. An improved GC method was developed to easily measure the thymol content in samples extracted into ethylacetate. The GC separation was achieved on a 30 m × 0.25 mm ™ 0.25 mm film thickness Equity™ - 1701 fused silica capillary column, resulting in a standard curve over 1-500 mg/L. Isolated pig stomach was incubated for 360 min at 37 °C in an incubator with 95% O2:5% CO2 atmosphere on an oscillating plate at 40 rpm. Tyrode's solution pH 6.5 was used as incubation fluid. Pig stomach contents were inoculated with thymol (1.7 mM), and samples were collected at intervals during incubation and were extracted as is or after treatment with a lysis buffer. The lysis buffer was used to release thymol that may have been internalized by endogenous bacteria. Thymol concentrations in unlysed stomach samples decreased rapidly, being reduced more than twofold during 30 min incubations. Conversely, thymol concentrations in lysed samples increased rapidly, following 60 min incubations, concentrations were achieved at twice those measured in unlysed stomach contents at the beginning of the incubation. Thymol concentrations in lysed samples remained nearly double those in unlysed samples even after 360 min. Differing thymol concentrations measured in lysed and unlysed samples suggest luminal depletion resulting from bacterial uptake of thymol. Upon ingestion, luminal depletion would be expected to occur rapidly in stomach contents, but whether this sequestration would make thymol unavailable for absorption in the stomach or more distally is not known. Further investigation is needed to identify the bacteria responsible for this "thymol sequestration" phenomenon.
PB  - University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology
C3  - CEFood 2012 - Proceedings of 6th Central European Congress on Food
T1  - Thymol depletion in the pig stomach
SP  - 279
EP  - 283
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_veterinar_896
ER  - 

@conference{
author = "Beier, Ross C. and Petrujkić, Branko and Sedej, Ivana and Anderson, Robin C. and Nedeljković-Trailović, Jelena and Nisbet, David J.",
year = "2012",
abstract = "Aromatic plants and their extracts have been used in human and veterinary medicine since ancient times. However, the exact mode of action and kinetics or these compounds are generally poorly understood. The aim of this work was to determine the degradation and absorption kinetics of thymol in the pig stomach. An improved GC method was developed to easily measure the thymol content in samples extracted into ethylacetate. The GC separation was achieved on a 30 m × 0.25 mm ™ 0.25 mm film thickness Equity™ - 1701 fused silica capillary column, resulting in a standard curve over 1-500 mg/L. Isolated pig stomach was incubated for 360 min at 37 °C in an incubator with 95% O2:5% CO2 atmosphere on an oscillating plate at 40 rpm. Tyrode's solution pH 6.5 was used as incubation fluid. Pig stomach contents were inoculated with thymol (1.7 mM), and samples were collected at intervals during incubation and were extracted as is or after treatment with a lysis buffer. The lysis buffer was used to release thymol that may have been internalized by endogenous bacteria. Thymol concentrations in unlysed stomach samples decreased rapidly, being reduced more than twofold during 30 min incubations. Conversely, thymol concentrations in lysed samples increased rapidly, following 60 min incubations, concentrations were achieved at twice those measured in unlysed stomach contents at the beginning of the incubation. Thymol concentrations in lysed samples remained nearly double those in unlysed samples even after 360 min. Differing thymol concentrations measured in lysed and unlysed samples suggest luminal depletion resulting from bacterial uptake of thymol. Upon ingestion, luminal depletion would be expected to occur rapidly in stomach contents, but whether this sequestration would make thymol unavailable for absorption in the stomach or more distally is not known. Further investigation is needed to identify the bacteria responsible for this "thymol sequestration" phenomenon.",
publisher = "University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology",
journal = "CEFood 2012 - Proceedings of 6th Central European Congress on Food",
title = "Thymol depletion in the pig stomach",
pages = "279-283",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_veterinar_896"
}

Beier, R. C., Petrujkić, B., Sedej, I., Anderson, R. C., Nedeljković-Trailović, J.,& Nisbet, D. J.. (2012). Thymol depletion in the pig stomach. in CEFood 2012 - Proceedings of 6th Central European Congress on Food
University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology., 279-283.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_veterinar_896

Beier RC, Petrujkić B, Sedej I, Anderson RC, Nedeljković-Trailović J, Nisbet DJ. Thymol depletion in the pig stomach. in CEFood 2012 - Proceedings of 6th Central European Congress on Food. 2012;:279-283.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_veterinar_896 .

Beier, Ross C., Petrujkić, Branko, Sedej, Ivana, Anderson, Robin C., Nedeljković-Trailović, Jelena, Nisbet, David J., "Thymol depletion in the pig stomach" in CEFood 2012 - Proceedings of 6th Central European Congress on Food (2012):279-283,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_veterinar_896 .

TY  - CONF
AU  - Sedej, Ivana
AU  - Petrujkić, Branko
AU  - Beier, Ross C.
AU  - Anderson, Robin C.
AU  - Nisbet, David J.
PY  - 2012
UR  - https://vet-erinar.vet.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/940
PB  - American Chemical Society
C3  - Abstracts of Papers of The American Chemical Society
T1  - Gas chromatography determination of thymol in swine in vitro everted gut segments treated with a conjugate of thymol
VL  - 243
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_veterinar_940
ER  - 

@conference{
author = "Sedej, Ivana and Petrujkić, Branko and Beier, Ross C. and Anderson, Robin C. and Nisbet, David J.",
year = "2012",
publisher = "American Chemical Society",
journal = "Abstracts of Papers of The American Chemical Society",
title = "Gas chromatography determination of thymol in swine in vitro everted gut segments treated with a conjugate of thymol",
volume = "243",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_veterinar_940"
}

Sedej, I., Petrujkić, B., Beier, R. C., Anderson, R. C.,& Nisbet, D. J.. (2012). Gas chromatography determination of thymol in swine in vitro everted gut segments treated with a conjugate of thymol. in Abstracts of Papers of The American Chemical Society
American Chemical Society., 243.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_veterinar_940

Sedej I, Petrujkić B, Beier RC, Anderson RC, Nisbet DJ. Gas chromatography determination of thymol in swine in vitro everted gut segments treated with a conjugate of thymol. in Abstracts of Papers of The American Chemical Society. 2012;243.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_veterinar_940 .

Sedej, Ivana, Petrujkić, Branko, Beier, Ross C., Anderson, Robin C., Nisbet, David J., "Gas chromatography determination of thymol in swine in vitro everted gut segments treated with a conjugate of thymol" in Abstracts of Papers of The American Chemical Society, 243 (2012),
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_veterinar_940 .