Overview of the most significant coronavirus infections in veterinary medicine

Abstract

Background. Coronaviruses (CoVs) have been recognized in veterinary virology for a long time and comprise a large group of RNA viruses responsible for enteric, respiratory, hepatic, and neurologic diseases in a variety of animal species and humans. These viruses are very adaptable considering their highly error-prone replication process and recombination ability, resulting in remarkable mutability and efficient expansion of their host range and tissue tropism. Scope and Approach. In the recent past, after the outbreaks caused by SARS-CoV in 2002 and MERS-CoV in 2012, CoVs became a research focus in the scientific community. Moreover, the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic raised more questions concerning the threats posed by these viruses. Several significant examples of coronaviruses jumping the species barrier and changing their tropism have been reported in the past, and novel viruses of both animals and humans have appeared as a consequence. This paper reviews some of the examples of CoV mutability and the most notable animal coronaviruses of veterinary relevance. Key Findings and Conclusions. There is still no proof that the novel virus SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted to humans from domestic animals, and its recent cross-species jump is currently being intensively researched. Intensified and diverse human activities that lead to the disruption of ecosystems contribute to the increased risk of contact with animals that might represent virus reservoirs. The need for constant surveillance of CoVs and expanded studies of their virological traits, mutation mechanisms, diversity, prophylactic and therapeutic measures highlight the key role of both veterinarians and medical doctors in order to preserve the health of the human population.

Uvod. Koronavirusi se u okviru veterinarske virusologije izučavaju već dugi niz godina i predstavljaju veliku grupaciju RNK virusa odgovornih za gastrointestinalna, respiratorna i neurološka oboljenja velikog broja životinja i ljudi. Navedeni virusi su visoko adaptibilni s obzirom na njihov jedinstven mehanizam replikacije i sposobnost mutiranja, pri čemu dolazi do česte transmisije koronavirusa među različitim vrstama, kao i promena u njihovom tropizmu. Cilj i pristup. U skorijoj prošlosti su zabeležene epidemije izazvane virusima SARS-CoV 2002., odnosno MERS-CoV 2012. godine, nakon kojih su koronavirusi postali tema mnogih ispitivanja. Nove nepoznanice i pitanja vezana za pretnju koju koronavirusi predstavljaju izazvala je trenutna pandemija izazvana virusom SARS-CoV-2. Postoji veliki broj značajnih primera koronavirusa koji su preskočili barijeru vrste i posledično doveli do pojave novih oboljenja kako životinja, tako i ljudi. U ovom radu su opisani neki od najznačajnih primera koji oslikavaju sposobnost mutacije koronavirusa, kao i osnovne karakteristike koronavirusnih infekcija koje su od velike važnosti za veterinarsku medicinu. Ključni nalazi i zaključak. Do danas ne postoje dokazi da se novootkriveni virus SARSCoV-2 prenosi sa domaćih životinja na ljude, a mehanizam kojim je došlo do prelaska navedenog virusa na ljude se intenzivno ispituje. Sve učestalije aktivnosti čoveka koje dovode do narušavanja ekosistema doprinose povećanju rizika od kontakta sa divljim životinjama koje mogu predstavljati rezervoare virusa. Potreba za kontinuiranim nadzorom nad pojavom infekcija izazvanih koronavirusima, podrobnijim ispitivanjima u poljima virusologije i vakcinologije, kao i za pronalaskom efikasne terapije ovih oboljenja predstavljaju ključnu i zajedničku ulogu veterinara i lekara u cilju očuvanja zdravlja ljudi.