Primena pesticida, njihova klasifikacija i uticaj na životnu sredinu

Abstract

Čovek je od davnina nastojao da zaštiti sebe, svoju stoku, poljoprivredne kulture i proizvode, kao i druga materijalna dobra od brojnih štetočina. Sam način na koji je to pokušavao kroz istoriju uglavnom je zavisio od ekonomskih i socijalnih prilika. Zahva¬ljujući tehnološkom razvoju, danas čoveku stoje na raspolaganju brojna hemijska je¬dinjenja, poznata pod imenom pesticidi. Pesticidi su supstancije ili smeše supstancija, koje su namenjene za zaštitu ljudi, životinja i biljaka od insekata, korova i drugih štet¬nih organizama. Dakle, za razliku od mnogih materija koje se unose u životnu sredi¬nu bez određenog cilja, pesticidi se unose u životnu sredinu sa namerom da pomognu čoveku, kako u povećanju prinosa u poljoprivredi, tako i (usled suzbijanja prenosioca brojnih bolesti) za zaštitu zdravlja ljudi i životinja. Danas se u komunalnoj higijeni, humanoj i veterinarskoj medicini, kao i u poljoprivredi, svakodnevno koristi veliki broj raznih pesticida, kao što su: insekticidi (ovicidi, larvicidi, adulticidi, repelenti, atrak¬tanti), herbicidi (silvicidi, desikanti, defolijanti), fungicidi, rodenticidi (raticidi, muri¬cidi), limacidi (moluskicidi) itd.. Međutim, pokazalo se da svako korišćenje pesticida (naročito ukoliko je naracionalno) nosi sa sobom i negativne posledice, ne samo na ljude i životinje, već i na ekosistem u kome se primjenjuju. Na osnovu toksičnosti pesti¬cida, Svetska zdravstvena organizacija je svrstala pesticide u četiri klase: ekstremno opasne, veoma opasne, umereno opasne i malo opasne.

From ancient times, man has tried to protect himself, his cattle, agricultural crops and products, as well as other material goods from numerous pests. The very way he tried to do that throughout history mostly depended on economic and social circumstances. Thanks to technological development, many chemical compounds, known as pesticides, are available to man today. Pesticides are substances or mixtures of substances, which are intended to protect people, animals and plants from numero¬us insects, weeds and other harmful organisms. Thus, unlike many substances that are introduced into the environment without a specific purpose, pesticides are introduced into the environment with the intention of helping people, both in increasing yields in agriculture and (due to the suppression of vectors) in protecting human health and animal. Today, in communal hygiene, human and veterinary medicine, as well as in agriculture, a large number of different pesticides are used daily, such as: insecticides (ovicides, larvicides, adulticides, repellents, attractants), herbicides (silvicides, desic¬cants, defoliants), fungicides, rodenticides (raticides, muricides), limicides (mollusci¬cides), etc. However, it has been shown that any use of pesticides (especially if nonra¬tional) has negative consequences, not only for humans and animals, but also for the ecosystem in which they are applied. Based on the toxicity of pesticides, the World He¬alth Organization has classified pesticides into four classes: extremely dangerous, very dangerous, moderately dangerous and slightly dangerous.