Histological characteristics of soft tissue after implanting bioceramical materials and estimation of biocompatibility

Abstract

Histological evaluations of soft tissue reactions in implanted biomaterials is a long established method of investigating their biocompatibility. It is a very important procedure convenient for various biomaterials, as appropriate for soft as for hard tissue, but at the same time this method is not sufficient for a prediction of their clinic performance. The wide spread practice of this method is in the simplicity of its use in subcutaneous or intramuscular implantations on the animal model, and consequently exploring principal and surrounding tissue is very simple with screening tests for esimating the irritaton index and interaction between tissue and biomaterials. The screening tests (evaluation tests) involve implantation of biomaterials in various locations in the body, different tissue treatment as immunohistochemical tissue analysis, transmissional, scanning and confocal microscopy. Interactions among soft tissue with bioceramics and the evaluation of their cellular and tissue performance in inflammation and immunological response are the first step in the estimation of biocompatibility.

Histološko ispitivanje reakcije mekih tkiva u odnosu na biomaterijal je davno ustanovljena metoda procenjivanja biokompatibilnosti. To je istovremeno i veoma važna metoda koja je primenjiva na sve oblike biomaterijala, bilo da su namenjeni za kontakt sa mekim tkivom ili ne, ali i metoda koja ima ograničeni značaj za predviđanje kliničkih performansi. Rasprostranjenost korišćenja ove metode proizilazi iz činjenice da je potkožna ili intramuskularna implantacija potencijalnog biomaterijala na životinje jednostavna, a dalja ispitivanja reakcije osnovnog i susednih tkiva su u principu jednostavan skrining test za određivanje iritacije tkiva i interakcije tkiva i biomaterijala. Skrining tehnike (testovi procenjivanja) uključuju implantaciju materijala na različitim lokalizacijama, kao i različite načine obrade tkiva, primenu imunohistohemijskih metoda bojenja, transmisione, skening i konfokalne mikropskopije i primenu drugih sofisticiranih metoda u obradi i interpretaciji podataka. Interakcija mekog tkiva sa biokeramikom i procena tkivnog i ćelijskog prikaza u procesu inflamacije i imunološkom odgovoru prvi je korak u određivanju njihove biokompatibilnosti.