Degree of mycotoxicological contamination of feed and complete feed mixtures for pigs and poultry during the period 2007-2012. on the territory of the Republic of Serbia

Abstract

The most common producers of mycotoxins are fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium. Toxins are of extreme importance because it can be transmitted from animals to humans through milk and animal products, some of which are carcinogenic and teratogenic. Mycotoxins cause a health disturbance of all animals, but the effects are more noticeable in highly productive animals in the farm way of keeping considering the much greater consumption of concentrate feeds, although forages also can be contaminated with mycotoxins in a significant manner. Mycotoxicoses are the most com­mon seasonal illnesses, and are an important diagnostic problem in veterinary practice, because its characteristics often resemble diseases caused by pathogens or nutritional deficiency or imbalance. The degree of health disturbances depends on the amount of toxins in feed and the length of intaking as on types and categories of animals. The presence of mycotoxins in animal feed is inevitable and therefore testing of raw materials and products is necessary so that feed for humans and animals can be safe for use. Damages arising as consequences of mycotoxicosis in poultry and swine production, due to the direct loss because of animals lossor, more commonly, indirectly due to the fall productive and reproductive performances of animals, imposed the need for continuous monitoring of the hygienic quality of feed mixtures for feeding these animals. During a five year period (2007-2012) were analyzed a total of 104 samples from the territory of Republic of Serbia intended for nutrition of all categories of poultry and mixtures for the initial and final fattening broilers (50 samples) and laying hens (54). The analysis included 57 samples of feed mixtures intended for all categories of swine - feed mixture for young (20 samples) and the old categories (37 samples) and 196 of the samples, which are commonly used in formulating rations for listed species (maize, soybean and sunflower meal). For the analysis of the samples was used thin layer chromatography and Elisa test. The results were compared with current Regulations on the quality of the feed (Official Gazette of RS 41/09) in force since 1.05.2010. in the part where the maximum allowable quantities of hazardous substances (Article 99) gives the value of the maximum permitted levels of mycotoxins in animal feed. The number and types of mycotoxins vary depending on the feed, as well as on the year which can be directly related to climatic factors, and the average annual humidity. The fact that in the samples was not detected the presence of aflatoxin indicate that in our conditions toxin producing fungi do not find fertile ground for the production of toxins, as well as the absence of certain nutrients in the production of complete feed mixtures for pigs and poultry, which are the traditional sources of aflatoxin (peanut oil meals). The results are encouraging given the fact a relatively small number of defective mixtures and nutrients. However, the fact that only a limited number of feed samples we received for the analysis suggests further caution and constant monitoring of the presence of mycotoxins in animal feed.

Mikotoksine najčešće proizvode gljivice iz rodova Aspergillus, Fusarium i Penicillium. Toksini su od izrazite važnosti jer se mogu preneti sa životinja na ljude putem mleka i životinjskih proizvoda, a neki od njih su kancerogeni i teratogeni. Mikotoksini dovode do poremećaja zdravstvenog stanja svih životinja, ali su efekti uočljiviji kod visoko proizvodnih životinja u farmskom načinu držanja s obzirom na znatno veću konzumaciju koncentrovanih hraniva iako i kabasta hraniva mogu da budu kontaminirana mikotoksinima u značajnijem stepenu. Mikotoksikoze su najčešće oboljenja sezonskog karaktera, a predstavljaju značajan dijagnostički problem za veterinarsku praksu, jer po karakteristikama često liče na oboljenja izazvana patogenim mikroorganizmima ili nutritivnim deficitom ili disbalansom. Stepen zdravstvenih poremećaja zavisi od količine toksina u hrani i dužine njegovog unošenja u organizam kao i od vrste i kategorije životinja Prisutnost mikotoksina u hrani za životinje je neizbežna pa je neophodno testiranje sirovina i proizvoda da bi hrana za ljude i životinje bila sigurna za upotrebu. Štete u živinarstvu i svinjarstvu koje nastaju usled mikotoksikoza, usled direktnih gubitaka zbog uginjavanja životinja ili, još češće, indirektne zbog pada proizvodnih i reproduktivnih sposobnosti životinja, nametnule su potrebu za kontinuiranim monitoringom higijenske ispravnosti krmnih smeša za ishranu ovih životinjskih vrsta. Tokom petogodišnjeg perioda (2007-2012) analizirana su ukupno 104 uzorka sa teritorije Republike Srbije namenjena ishrani svih kategorija živine i to smeše za početni i završni tov brojlera (50 uzoraka) i za kokoši nosilje (54). Analizom je obuhvaćeno i 57 uzoraka krmnih smeša namenjenih ishrani svih kategorija svinja i to smeše za ishranu mladih (20 uzoraka) i starih kategorija (37 uzoraka) kao i 196 uzoraka hraniva koja se najčešće koriste prilikom formulisanja obroka za navedene životinjske vrste (kukuruz, sojina i suncokretova sačma). Za analizu uzoraka korišćeni su metoda tankoslojne hromatografije i elisa test. Dobijeni rezultati su poređeni sa trenutno važećim Pravilnikom o kvalitetu hrane za životinje (Službeni Glasnik RS 41/09) koji se primenjuje od 1.05.2010. godine i gde se u delu o maksimalno dozvoljenim količinama štetnih materija (član 99) iznose vrednosti o maksimalno dozvoljenoj količini mikotoksina u hrani za životinje. Broj i vrsta mikotoksina varira u odnosu na vrstu smeša, kao i u odnosu na pojedine godine što se može dovesti u direktnu vezu sa klimatskim faktorima, odnosno prosečnom godišnjom vlažnošću. Činjenica da u ispitivanim uzorcima nije utvrđeno prisustvo aflatoksina ukazuje da u našim uslovima toksinprodukujuće gljivice ne nailaze na pogodno tle za produkciju ovog toksina, kao i na odsustvo pojedinih hraniva u proizvodnji potpunih krmnih smeša za svinje i živinu koje predstavljaju tradicionalne izvore aflatoksina (kikirikijeva uljana sačma). Dobijeni rezultati predstavljaju ohrabrujuću činjenicu s obzirom na relativno mali broj neispravnih smeša i hraniva. Međutim, činjenica da se radi o ograničenom broju uzoraka hrane koje smo dobijali na analizu upućuje na oprez i dalji konstantan monitoring prisustva mikotoksina u hrani za životinje.